Graphing

A Graph is a visual representation of a relationship between at least two variables.

• Independent (x)
• Dependent (y)

     

  The independent variable(x) influences the dependent variable (y).

     

  The dependent variable (y) responds to the independent variable (x).

     

  Relationship Statements

     

  "As (x) increases, (y) (behavior) ."

     

  Possible Behaviors

  • Increasing (Direct)
  • Decreasing (Indirect)
  • Repeats in a pattern (Cyclic)
  • Remains the same (Constant)

Relationships

Graphs are descriptions of relationships between an independent and dependant variables.

• The Independent (x) variable influences the dependent (y) variable.

     

Basic Relationship Statement Types

"As (x) increases, (y) __________."

Direct (Increases)

Inverse (Decreases)

Cyclic (Repeats)

Constant (Remains the same)

   

Graph Sketches

   

Testable Concepts

Must be able to make a graph with the following:

• Appropriate Scales
• Appropriate Titles & Labels
• Proper Plotting of data

  Graph Sketches

  Relationship Statements

     

Energy Transfer

Energy in the form of Heat can be transferred (moved) from one place to another.

   

Energy always moves from an energy source (high energy) to an energy sink (low energy).

   

Heat energy can move by

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation

     

  Conduction

     

  Definition: Conduction is the process where energy moves from high energy to low energy through contact (touching).

   

  Example: Demo - Touched paper to the hot can. The paper began to burn.

     

  Convection

     

  Definition: Convection is the process where energy moves from high energy to low energy by movement of gases or liquids.

     

  Example: Demo - Steam leaving the hot can.

     

  Radiation

     

  Definition: Radiation is the process of moving energy though transparent or translucent materials in a straight line.

     

  If material is opaque, it will block radiation. Materials can be opaque to some types of radiation, but transparent to others.

     

  Examples:

• Radio Waves can pass through walls.
• X-Rays can pass through flesh, but cannot pass through bone.
• Heat cannot pass through glass.

     

  Demo - Laser & holding the can over our hand (and blocked it with paper)

     

  Does heat rise?

     

  NO! Hot liquids or hot gases will rise due to density differences.

     

  Testable Concepts

  • Define Radiation
  • Define Conduction
  • Define Convection
  • Identify the dominant transfer method in a variety of situational descriptions.

     

     

Heat & Temperature

What is the difference between quality & quantity?

   

Define: Quantity is

1. The measurable, countable, or comparable property or aspect of a thing.

   

Pasted from <http://www.answers.com/Quantity?cat=health>

   

   

Define: Quality is

1. An inherent or distinguishing characteristic; a property.

   

Pasted from <http://www.answers.com/Quality?cat=biz-fin>

Heat

   

Define: Heat is

1. A form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation.

   

Pasted from <http://www.answers.com/topic/heat?cat=health>

   

Heat is a sum quantity amount measured in calories.

• Add the motion energy of all the particles of the sample.

   

A calorie is the amount of energy required to change 1 cm³ of water (H₂O) by 1°C.

   

Heat moves by conduction, convection, and radiation from high temperature areas (or objects) to low temperature areas (or objects).

   

Would a large container or a small container of water heat up faster?

Temperature

   

Define: Temperature is

• A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale.

   

Pasted from <http://www.answers.com/Temperature?cat=health>

   

Temperature is a average quality of the motion energy of all particles in a sample, measured in °C (Celsius), °F (Fahrenheit), or K (Kelvin).

• Take the average of the motion energy of the all the particles in a sample.

   

Temperatures that you should know:

   

Boiling Point of Water (H2O)	100°C	212°F	373 K
Freezing / Melting Point of Water (H2O)	0°C	32°F	273 K
Absolute Zero	-273°C	-460°F	0 K

   

Assignments:

WS Heat & Temperature

   

Testable Concepts

• Define Heat
• Define Temperature
• Apply the relationship between the mass (number of particles) of a sample and it's heat energy.
• Apply the relationship between the mass (number of particles) of a sample and it's temperature.

Scientific Method

State the Problem

• The "Question"
• Must be specific
  • Sets up Frames of Reference
• Guides Research and Hypothesis

     

  Research the Problem

• Identifies important information related to the Problem
  • Variables
  • Methods
  • Safety Concerns
• Guides the Hypothesis and Experimental Design

     

  Stating the Hypothesis

• A proposed "Answer" to the "Question"
• Must be specific
• Guides the Experimental Design
  • Method
  • Data Collection

       

  Design & Run an Experiment

• Must be specific
• Designed to test the Hypothesis
• Should include a Control Setup to compare the Experimental Setup
• Includes procedures for Data Collection
  • Independent Variable influences the Dependent Variable

     

  Analyze the Data

• Includes Graphs and Relationship Statements
• Does not include any conclusions

     

  Conclusion

• States that the Hypothesis was correct or incorrect
• Describes what happened in the Experiment
• Includes any explanation of the results

     

  Testable Concepts

• Scientific Method in Order
• Give reasons why the order exists
• State during which step certain things take place.