Mr. Sexton's Unified Science at PCS

Unit 2 Contents

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Notebook Table of Contents

Lab: Energy on the Move
Lab Quiz: Energy on the Move
Notes: Rate of Change
WS Rates and Gradients 1
WS Energy Transfer Rates
WS Energy on the Move Graph
Lab: Energy Absorption
Lab Quiz: Energy Absorption
Notes: Heat Exchange
Notes: Volume
WS Volume
Notes: Volume by Displacement
WS Volume by Displacement
Notes: Density
Notes: Rounding
WS Rounding 1
WS Density
WS Cooling of Hot Drinks
WS Changing Rates
Notes: Dynamic Equilibrium

Graphing

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A Graph is a visual representation of a relationship between at least two variables.

Independent (x)
Dependent (y)

The independent variable(x) influences the dependent variable (y).

The dependent variable (y) responds to the independent variable (x).

Relationship Statements

"As (x) increases, (y) (behavior) ."

Possible Behaviors
- Increasing (Direct)
- Decreasing (Indirect)
- Repeats in a pattern (Cyclic)
- Remains the same (Constant)

Relationships

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Graphs are descriptions of relationships between an independent and dependant variables.

The Independent (x) variable influences the dependent (y) variable.

Basic Relationship Statement Types

"As (x) increases, (y) __________."

Direct (Increases)

Inverse (Decreases)

Cyclic (Repeats)

Constant (Remains the same)

Graph Sketches

Testable Concepts

Must be able to make a graph with the following:

Appropriate Scales
Appropriate Titles & Labels
Proper Plotting of data
Graph Sketches
Relationship Statements

Energy Transfer

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Energy in the form of Heat can be transferred (moved) from one place to another.

Energy always moves from an energy source (high energy) to an energy sink (low energy).

Heat energy can move by

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Conduction

Definition: Conduction is the process where energy moves from high energy to low energy through contact (touching).

Example: Demo - Touched paper to the hot can. The paper began to burn.

Convection

Definition: Convection is the process where energy moves from high energy to low energy by movement of gases or liquids.

Example: Demo - Steam leaving the hot can.

Radiation

Definition: Radiation is the process of moving energy though transparent or translucent materials in a straight line.

If material is opaque, it will block radiation. Materials can be opaque to some types of radiation, but transparent to others.

Examples:
Radio Waves can pass through walls.
X-Rays can pass through flesh, but cannot pass through bone.
Heat cannot pass through glass.

Demo - Laser & holding the can over our hand (and blocked it with paper)

Does heat rise?

NO! Hot liquids or hot gases will rise due to density differences.

Testable Concepts
- Define Radiation
- Define Conduction
- Define Convection
- Identify the dominant transfer method in a variety of situational descriptions.

Heat & Temperature

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What is the difference between quality & quantity?

Define: Quantity is

The measurable, countable, or comparable property or aspect of a thing.

Pasted from <http://www.answers.com/Quantity?cat=health>

Define: Quality is

An inherent or distinguishing characteristic; a property.

Pasted from <http://www.answers.com/Quality?cat=biz-fin>

Heat

Define: Heat is

A form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation.

Pasted from <http://www.answers.com/topic/heat?cat=health>

Heat is a sum quantity amount measured in calories.

Add the motion energy of all the particles of the sample.

A calorie is the amount of energy required to change 1 cm³ of water (H₂O) by 1°C.

Heat moves by conduction, convection, and radiation from high temperature areas (or objects) to low temperature areas (or objects).

Would a large container or a small container of water heat up faster?

Temperature

Define: Temperature is

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale.

Pasted from <http://www.answers.com/Temperature?cat=health>

Temperature is a average quality of the motion energy of all particles in a sample, measured in °C (Celsius), °F (Fahrenheit), or K (Kelvin).

Take the average of the motion energy of the all the particles in a sample.

Temperatures that you should know:

Boiling Point of Water (H2O)	100°C	212°F	373 K
Freezing / Melting Point of Water (H2O)	0°C	32°F	273 K
Absolute Zero	-273°C	-460°F	0 K

Assignments:

WS Heat & Temperature

Testable Concepts

Define Heat
Define Temperature
Apply the relationship between the mass (number of particles) of a sample and it's heat energy.
Apply the relationship between the mass (number of particles) of a sample and it's temperature.

Scientific Method

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State the Problem

The "Question"
Must be specific
- Sets up Frames of Reference
Guides Research and Hypothesis

Research the Problem
Identifies important information related to the Problem
- Variables
- Methods
- Safety Concerns
Guides the Hypothesis and Experimental Design

Stating the Hypothesis
A proposed "Answer" to the "Question"
Must be specific
Guides the Experimental Design
- Method
- Data Collection
Design & Run an Experiment
Must be specific
Designed to test the Hypothesis
Should include a Control Setup to compare the Experimental Setup
Includes procedures for Data Collection
- Independent Variable influences the Dependent Variable
Analyze the Data
Includes Graphs and Relationship Statements
Does not include any conclusions

Conclusion
States that the Hypothesis was correct or incorrect
Describes what happened in the Experiment
Includes any explanation of the results

Testable Concepts
Scientific Method in Order
Give reasons why the order exists
State during which step certain things take place.